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Aelius Caesar - Hadrian's original heir apparent, until his death.  Hadrian then chose Antoninus Pius. [more info]

Antoninus Pius - Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus, born 86 AD, Roman emperor (138-161). [more info]

Avidius Cassius - Roman general in Syria who revolted against Marcus Aurelius and then assassinated by one of his own officers.  He was probably a descendant of a more infamous traitor, Caius Cassius Longinus, who lead the conspiracy for the successful assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC. [more info]

Chaeronea - ancient town of Boeotia, Greece, in the Cephissus (now Kifisós) River valley and NW of Thebes. [more info]

Commodus - Lucius Ceionius Commodus, born 161 AD, Roman emperor (180-192), son and successor of Marcus Aurelius. [more info]


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Eleusinian mysteries - principal religious mysteries of ancient Greece. The mysteries may have originated as part of an early agrarian festival peculiar to certain families in Eleusis. [more info]

Epictetus - c.50-c.138 AD, Phrygian Stoic philosopher, emphasized indifference to external goods and taught that the true good is within oneself. [more info]

Fronto - Marcus Cornelius Fronto, teacher and rhetorician, born in Numidia, Africa.  He was made consul by Antoninus Pius in 143 AD. [more info]


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Goths - Arian people, German ancestry, that eventually split into two groups called Ostrogoths and Visigoths in the 3rd century AD. [more info]

Hadrian - Publius Aelius Hadrianus, born in Spain in 76 AD, Roman emperor (117-138). [more info]


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Lucius Ceionius Commodus - born 161 AD, Roman emperor (180-192), son and successor of Marcus Aurelius. [more info]


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Marcomanni - People of the Germanic (Arian) tribe, part of Suebi (Suevi) tribe defeated by Marcus Aurelius in the Marcomannic Wars (166-180 AD), eventually settling in the Bavarian region. [more info]


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Parmularius - A type of gladiator having a round shield (parma) and a curved scimitar. [more info]

Parthians - People from Parthia, ancient country of Asia, SE of the Caspian Sea, in the area of the modern Iranian province of Khorasan. [more info]

Plutarch - born in Chaeronea in 46 AD (died 120), Greek essayist and biographer. [more info]

Quadi - People of the Germanic (Arian) Suebi (or Suevi) tribe from central Germany. [more info]
 

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Scutarius - A type of gladiator, heavily armed, having a visored helmet, large oblong shield and a short sword. [more info]

Stoic / Stoicism - Greek school of philosophy began in 300 BC by Zeno of Citium (in Cypress).  Later embraced in Rome notably by Seneca, Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius.  Regarding philosophy as divided into physics, logic, and ethics, the Stoics made logic and physics a foundation for ethics.   The physical theory underlying Stoicism is materialistic.  All that has reality is material. Force, which is the shaping principle, is joined with matter.  The universal working force, God, pervades all and becomes the reason and soul in the animate creation.  In their ethical creed, the Stoics accepted virtue as the highest good in life.  They identified virtue with happiness, claiming that it was untouched by changes in fortune.  “To live consistently with nature” was a familiar maxim among the Stoics.  Only by putting aside passion, unjust thoughts, and indulgence and by performing duty with the right disposition can people attain true freedom and rule as lords over their own lives. [more info]

Trajan - Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, born in Spain in 53 AD.  First non-Italian Roman emperor (98-117). Successor of emperor Nerva. [more info]

Vespasian - Titus Flavius Vespasianus, born in 9 AD, Roman emperor (69-79), founder of the Flavian dynasty. [more info]

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